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Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. [1] This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume .
Shock is divided into four main types based on the underlying cause: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive shock. [2] Hypovolemic shock, also known as low volume shock, may be from bleeding, diarrhea, or vomiting. [1] Cardiogenic shock may be due to a heart attack or cardiac contusion. [1]
Myxedema coma is an extreme or decompensated form of hypothyroidism and while uncommon, is potentially lethal. [1] [2] [3] A person may have laboratory values identical to a "normal" hypothyroid state, but a stressful event (such as an infection, myocardial infarction, or stroke) precipitates the myxedema coma state, usually in the elderly.
Hypovolemic shock is a form of shock caused by severe hypovolemia (insufficient blood volume or extracellular fluid in the body). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It can be caused by severe dehydration or blood loss . [ 3 ] [ 2 ] Hypovolemic shock is a medical emergency ; if left untreated, the insufficient blood flow can cause damage to organs , leading to ...
- anxiety - history of trauma to head or upper spine. - if the injury is to the head or neck, hoarseness or difficulty swallowing may occur. Symptoms of neurogenic shock are differentiated from other forms of shock by the lack of signs of the compensatory mechanisms triggered by the SNS, usual in other forms of shock.
In an adrenal crisis, hypotension occurs due to low cortisol and volume depletion. [9] Hypovolemia might be resistant to vasopressors and fluids if it is not identified. In secondary adrenal insufficiency, hyponatremia results from decreased kidney excretion of electrolyte-free water and the inability to suppress vasopressin . [ 5 ]
One must also consider the possibility of multiple types of shock being present. For example, a trauma patient may be hypovolemic from blood loss. This patient could also have tension pneumothorax due to trauma to the chest. [22] Vital signs in obstructive shock may show hypotension, tachycardia, and/or hypoxia.
Vasodilatory shock, vasogenic shock, or vasoplegic shock is a medical emergency belonging to shock along with cardiogenic shock, septic shock, allergen-induced shock and hypovolemic shock. When the blood vessels suddenly relax, it results in vasodilation .