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The Prussian Reform Movement was a series of constitutional, administrative, social, and economic reforms early in 19th-century Prussia. They are sometimes known as the Stein–Hardenberg Reforms , for Karl Freiherr vom Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg , their main initiators.
After Prussia's defeat by Napoleon in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, the Prussian Reform Movement began with many areas based on the changes in France.A much-noticed innovation was the founding of the Conseil d'État by Napoleon in 1798.
"A Prussian Officer's Quarters, 1830" (Cooper Hewitt Museum)Prussia underwent major social change between the mid-17th and mid-18th centuries as the nobility declined as the traditional aristocracy struggled to compete with the rising merchant class, which developed into a new Bourgeoisie middle class, while the emancipation of the serfs granted the rural peasantry land purchasing rights and ...
Various German national movement leaders engaged themselves in educational reform. For example, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852), dubbed the Turnvater , was the father of German gymnastics and a student fraternity leader and nationalist but failed in his nationalist efforts; between 1820 and 1842 Jahn's gymnastics movement was forbidden ...
In 1806, Prussia was defeated by Napoleon I and lost half its territory in the second of the Treaties of Tilsit. This was the trigger for the Prussian reforms, whose main goal was to modernize the Prussian state so that it might regain its lost power. As part of these reforms, serfdom was legally abolished throughout the kingdom.
At the heart of the reform efforts was the conviction that the Prussian state could be reinvigorated if the most talented people in Prussia's society were actively involved in the work of government. In June 1807 Stein expanded on this thesis in the Nassauer Denkschrift. Stein in December 1807 wrote to Hardenberg, contemplating that it "is ...
place the thirteen Prussian provinces, including Berlin, under the direct control of the Reich government as new states [3] [5] The reform effort faced objections primarily from Bavaria and Prussia. Bavaria, the second largest state, objected because it feared that the proposal would immediately unify the northern German states while the south ...
Until mid-March 1848, Prussia – in contrast to other German states and especially to France – was "caught up in the revolutionary movement only in subregions". [2] In order to prevent a revolution, the King initially pursued a policy of small concessions to the liberal spirit of the times, including the promise made on 6 March 1848 to ...