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Klebsiella aerogenes, [2] previously known as Enterobacter aerogenes, is a Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, citrate-positive, indole-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. [3] Capable of motility via peritrichous flagella, [ 4 ] it is approximately one to three microns in length.
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have been defined as carbapenem-nonsusceptible and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae complex, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Klebsiella oxytoca. Some exclude ertapenem resistance from the definition. [5]
Enterobacter is associated with common nosocomial infections including respiratory, endocarditis, bacteremia, urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, among others. [8] Enterobacter bacteremia presents as fever but can progress to SIRS and shock. [8] For Enterobacter pneumonia, symptoms include coughing and shortness of breath. [8]
ESKAPE is an acronym comprising the scientific names of six highly virulent and antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens including: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. [1] The acronym is sometimes extended to ESKAPEE to include Escherichia coli. [2]
ESCAPPM or ESCHAAPPM is a mnemonic for the organisms with inducible beta-lactamase activity that is chromosomally mediated. [1]E: Enterobacter spp. S: Serratia spp. C: Citrobacter freundii
Klebsiella organisms can lead to a wide range of disease states, notably pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, meningitis, diarrhea, peritonitis and soft tissue infections. [6] [11] Klebsiella species have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies. [12]
The first class C carbapenemase was described in 2006 and was isolated from a virulent strain of Enterobacter aerogenes. [33] It is carried on a plasmid, pYMG-1, and is therefore transmissible to other bacterial strains. [34]
Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria.It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of family is still a subject of debate, but one classification places it in the order Enterobacterales of the class Gammaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota.