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Air muscle contracting and extending. Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are contractile or extensional devices operated by pressurized air filling a pneumatic bladder. In an approximation of human muscles, PAMs are usually grouped in pairs: one agonist and one antagonist. PAMs were first developed (under the name of McKibben Artificial ...
Skeletal pneumaticity is the presence of air spaces within bones. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula (air sacs) from an air-filled space, such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in ...
Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) operate by filling a pneumatic bladder with pressurized air. Upon applying gas pressure to the bladder, isotropic volume expansion occurs, but is confined by braided wires that encircle the bladder, translating the volume expansion to a linear contraction along the axis of the actuator.
Brian S. Elliott, Compressed Air Operations Manual, McGraw Hill Book Company, 2006, ISBN 0-07-147526-5. Heeresh Mistry, Fundamentals of Pneumatic Engineering, Create Space e-Publication, 2013, ISBN 1-49-372758-3.
Pneumatic actuator operating a valve through a rack-and-pinion mechanism. [7] A pneumatic actuator is similar to a hydraulic one but uses a gas (usually air) instead of a liquid. [8] [9] Compared to hydraulic actuators, pneumatic ones are less complicated because they do not need pipes for the return and recycling of the working fluid. On the ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 6 January 2025. Semi-autonomous, convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth For other uses, see Sneeze (disambiguation). "Achoo" redirects here. For the acronym "ACHOO", see Photic sneeze reflex. Sneeze The function of sneezing is to expel irritants from the nasal cavity ...
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The diaphragm is the most important muscle of respiration, [3] and separates the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, creating a negative pressure there, which draws air into the lungs. [4]