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Despite the general anticlerical tendencies of the Enlightenment, Spain and Spanish America held Roman Catholicism as a core identity. [5] When French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Iberian peninsula and placed Napoleon's brother Joseph on the throne of Spain, there was a crisis of legitimacy in both Spain and its overseas empire.
The ideas of the Spanish Enlightenment, which emphasized reason, science, practicality, clarity rather than obscurantism, and secularism, were transmitted from France to the New World in the eighteenth century, following the establishment of the Bourbon monarchy in Spain. In Spanish America, the ideas of the Enlightenment affected educated ...
Ideas of the Age of Enlightenment entered Spain [a] and Spanish America [b] during the eighteenth century. The invasion of the Iberian Peninsula by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Peninsular War upended the stability of the Spanish state and empire and although France was defeated, the turmoil in Spain led to the Spanish American wars of independence ...
The Enlightenment spurred the desire for social and economic reform to spread throughout Spanish America and the Iberian Peninsula. Ideas about free trade and physiocratic economics were raised by the Enlightenment in Spain and spread to the overseas empire and a homegrown Spanish American Enlightenment. The political reforms implemented and ...
In the late 18th century, Spain had an alliance with France, and therefore did not have to fear a land war. Its only serious enemy was Britain, which had a powerful navy; Spain therefore concentrated its resources on its navy. When the French Revolution overthrew the Bourbons, a land war with France became a threat which the king tried to avoid.
The foreword outlines the goals and approach of a comparative study on the Absolutist State across Europe. It aims to bridge the divide between broad theoretical models and specific historical case studies by analyzing both the general structural features of Absolutism as well as the diverse manifestations found in different European monarchies.
Spanish conquerors discover (encounter) America The Reconquista ended. Jews were expelled from Spain by the Alhambra Decree. 3 August: Columbus sets sail. 1493: Spanish colonization of the Americas began. 1494: The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed. 1499: Italian War of 1499–1504: Ferdinand allied with the French King Louis XII of France.
Factors which figured in the political developments of the late 18th century and early 19th century, including the American Revolution and French Revolution. Enlightenment as a cultural movement/period in Europe (second half of 18th century), including the associated period of Neo-Classicism in the arts.