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Sector collapse can be caused by earthquakes, [3] volcanic eruptions, [1] gradual volcanic deformation, [1] and other processes. Sector collapse events can occur on volcanoes at convergent and divergent plate boundaries. [1] Sector collapses are generally very sudden; however, some attempts have been made to predict collapse events.
Debris avalanche deposit of Tata Sabaya in Bolivia Cross-section diagram showing (a) pre-collapse volcano, (b) after collapse, (c) new edifice built on top of collapsed old edifice. At volcanoes, the term landslide is commonly used for slope movements with shear and displacement in a relatively narrow zone. [7]
The cone was cut down the middle during Mazama's collapse post-eruption, creating a cross-section of its interior composition. [34] Shield volcanoes that contributed to Mazama's growth only erupted for several hundred to several thousand years. [43] They erupted rapidly, spraying fluid lava that included lava bombs and incandescent fragments. [34]
The 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption was a volcanic eruption that began in the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex in Chile on 4 June 2011. The eruption, which occurred from the Cordón Caulle fissure after 51 years of the volcano being inactive, is one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the 21st century thus far. [ 2 ]
Successive eruptions eventually built the volcanic pile above lake level to form a small temporary island that produced subaerial lava flows and lava fountains. [109] The result of this volcanism was the creation of Pillow Ridge on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza, so-named for its exposures of pillow lava.
Volcanoes resulting from divergent tectonic activity are usually non-explosive whereas those resulting from convergent tectonic activity cause violent eruptions. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, and the Rio Grande ...
An eruption on the Red Sea island killed at least 7 soldiers and spewed lava and ash hundreds of metres into the air. [107] 1 Raoul Island [108] Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 2006 1 An eruption on 17 March killed conservation worker Mark Kearney, who was measuring the water temperature of Green Lake. [109] 3 Santa Ana [110] El Salvador 2005 2
A volcanic eruption could just be a simple outpouring of material onto the surface of a planet, but they usually involve a complex mixture of solids, liquids and gases which behave in equally complex ways. [3] Some types of explosive eruptions can release energy a quarter that of an equivalent mass of TNT. [17]