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  2. Underground hard-rock mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_hard-rock_mining

    There are two principal phases of underground mining: development mining and production mining. Development mining is composed of excavation almost entirely in (non-valuable) waste rock in order to gain access to the orebody. There are six steps in development mining: remove previously blasted material (muck out round), scaling (removing any unstable slabs of rock hanging from the roof and ...

  3. Outline of mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_mining

    Underground mining (hard rock) Underground mining (soft rock) There are three directions by which an underground mine may be conducted: Drift mining, mining horizontally; Shaft mining, mining vertically; Slope mining, mining at an inclined angle Stoping is the process of extracting out the ore from underground, leaving a hole called a stope ...

  4. Phosphate mining in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_mining_in_the...

    The phosphate mining industry employed 2,200 people. The value of phosphate rock mined was US$2.2 billion. As of 2015, there are 10 active phosphate mines in four states: Florida, North Carolina, Idaho, and Utah. The eastern phosphate deposits are mined from open pits. The western deposits are mined from both surface and underground mines.

  5. Bone Valley - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Valley

    As reserves in the northern portion of the bone valley are depleting, mining companies are now seeking permits for another 100,000 acres (405 km 2), which will replace reclaimed mines to the north. One byproduct of the extraction process is clay, which is stored in settling ponds and eventually comprises 30%-40% of a mine site. Some of these ...

  6. Geology of Florida - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Florida

    No land animals were present in Florida prior to the Miocene. The largest deposits of rock phosphate in the United States are found in Florida. [1] Most of this is in Bone Valley in central and west-central Florida. [2] Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used ...

  7. Borehole mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole_mining

    Borehole Mining (BHM) is a remote operated method of extraction (mining) of mineral resources through boreholes based on in-situ conversion of ores into a mobile form (slurry) by means of high pressure water jetting (hydraulicking). This process is carried-out from a land surface, open pit floor, underground mine or floating vessel through pre ...

  8. Underground soft-rock mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_soft-rock_mining

    Underground soft-rock mining is a group of underground mining techniques used to extract coal, oil shale, potash, and other minerals or geological materials from sedimentary ("soft") rocks. [1] Because deposits in sedimentary rocks are commonly layered and relatively less hard , the mining methods used differ from those used to mine deposits in ...

  9. Coal mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining

    Coal extraction methods vary depending on whether the mine is an underground mine or a surface (also called an open cast) mine. Additionally, coal seam thickness and geology are factors in the selection of a mining method. The most economical method of coal extraction for surface mines is the electric shovel or drag line.