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The germline pipeline operates on the FASTQ files provided as input by the user to call the variants that, belonging to the germ line, can be inherited. [ 13 ] This pipeline analyzes data computing the read alignment with BWA-MEM [ 16 ] [ 17 ] and calling variants using GATK HaplotypeCaller, [ 18 ] one of the most relevant tools in the domain ...
The mutation frequency of female germline cells in mice is about 5-fold lower than that of somatic cells, according to one study. [13] The mouse oocyte in the dictyate (prolonged diplotene) stage of meiosis actively repairs DNA damage, whereas DNA repair was not detected in the pre-dictyate (leptotene, zygotene and pachytene) stages of meiosis ...
In germline cells, ROS are likely a significant cause of DNA damages that, upon DNA replication, lead to mutations. 8-Oxoguanine, an oxidized derivative of guanine, is produced by spontaneous oxidation in the germline cells of mice, and during the cell's DNA replication cause GC to TA transversion mutations. [17]
Mammalian PGCs are specified by signalling between cells (induction), rather than by the segregation of germ plasm as the embryo divides. [6] In mice, PGCs originate from the proximal epiblast, close to the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE), of the post-implantation embryo as early as embryonic day 6.5. [7]
CRISPR may be used at the germline level to create organisms in which the targeted gene is changed everywhere (i.e. in all cells/tissues/organs of a multicellular organism), or it may be used in non-germline cells to create local changes that only affect certain cell populations within the organism.
The genetically modified mouse in which a gene affecting hair growth has been knocked out (left) shown next to a normal lab mouse. A genetically modified mouse, genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) [1] or transgenic mouse is a mouse (Mus musculus) that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques.
A germline mutation, or germinal mutation, is any detectable variation within germ cells (cells that, when fully developed, become sperm and ova). [1] Mutations in these cells are the only mutations that can be passed on to offspring, when either a mutated sperm or oocyte come together to form a zygote . [ 2 ]
In 2004, considerable evidence was provided for the existence of germline stem cells in adult mouse ovaries capable of generating oocytes to form new follicles. [11] [12] [13] Questions exist about cell-sorting techniques used to isolate the OSCs, [14] and some researchers prefer the less-conclusive term "female germline stem cells" to "OSCs". [15]