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Otherwise, the cyclic group is finite (it has a finite number of elements), and its number of elements is the order of x. If the order of x is n , then x n = x 0 = 1 , {\displaystyle x^{n}=x^{0}=1,} and the cyclic group generated by x consists of the n first powers of x (starting indifferently from the exponent 0 or 1 ).
Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2. The exponential function is a mathematical function denoted by () = or (where the argument x is written as an exponent).Unless otherwise specified, the term generally refers to the positive-valued function of a real variable, although it can be extended to the complex numbers or generalized to other mathematical objects like matrices or Lie algebras.
The law of exponential growth can be written in different but mathematically equivalent forms, by using a different base, for which the number e is a common and convenient choice: = = /. Here, x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} denotes the initial value of the quantity x , k is the growth constant, and τ {\displaystyle \tau } is the time it takes the ...
With some exceptions regarding erroneous values, infinities, and denormalized numbers, Excel calculates in double-precision floating-point format from the IEEE 754 specification [1] (besides numbers, Excel uses a few other data types [2] ). Although Excel allows display of up to 30 decimal places, its precision for any specific number is no ...
The second typeface is Myriad Pro; the superscript is about 60% of the original characters, raised by about 44% above the baseline.) A subscript or superscript is a character (such as a number or letter) that is set slightly below or above the normal line of type, respectively. It is usually smaller than the rest of the text.
Matrix exponential. In mathematics, the matrix exponential is a matrix function on square matrices analogous to the ordinary exponential function. It is used to solve systems of linear differential equations. In the theory of Lie groups, the matrix exponential gives the exponential map between a matrix Lie algebra and the corresponding Lie group .
Infinitesimal. In mathematics, an infinitesimal number is a non-zero quantity that is closer to 0 than any non-zero real number is. The word infinitesimal comes from a 17th-century Modern Latin coinage infinitesimus, which originally referred to the " infinity - eth " item in a sequence . Infinitesimals do not exist in the standard real number ...
Euler's formula states that, for any real number x, one has = + , where e is the base of the natural logarithm, i is the imaginary unit, and cos and sin are the trigonometric functions cosine and sine respectively. This complex exponential function is sometimes denoted cis x ("cosine plus i sine").