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Logical reasoning is a mental activity that aims to arrive at a conclusion in a rigorous way. It happens in the form of inferences or arguments by starting from a set of premises and reasoning to a conclusion supported by these premises. The premises and the conclusion are propositions, i.e. true or false claims about what is the case.
Logical consequence (also entailment) is a fundamental concept in logic which describes the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement logically follows from one or more statements. A valid logical argument is one in which the conclusion is entailed by the premises, because the conclusion is the consequence of the premises.
Jumping to conclusions (officially the jumping conclusion bias, often abbreviated as JTC, and also referred to as the inference -observation confusion[ 1]) is a psychological term referring to a communication obstacle where one "judge [s] or decide [s] something without having all the facts; to reach unwarranted conclusions". [ 2][ 3] In other ...
e. Circular reasoning ( Latin: circulus in probando, "circle in proving"; [ 1] also known as circular logic) is a logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. [ 2] Circular reasoning is not a formal logical fallacy, but a pragmatic defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of ...
propositional logic, Boolean algebra, first-order logic. ⊥ {\displaystyle \bot } denotes a proposition that is always false. The symbol ⊥ may also refer to perpendicular lines. The proposition. ⊥ ∧ P {\displaystyle \bot \wedge P} is always false since at least one of the two is unconditionally false. ∀.
Begging the question. In classical rhetoric and logic, begging the question or assuming the conclusion ( Latin: petītiō principiī) is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion. Historically, begging the question refers to a fault in a dialectical argument in which the speaker assumes some ...
The Final Solution ( German: die Endlösung, pronounced [diː ˈʔɛntˌløːzʊŋ] ⓘ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question ( German: Endlösung der Judenfrage, pronounced [ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ deːɐ̯ ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaːɡə] ⓘ) was a Nazi plan for the genocide of individuals they defined as Jews during World War II. The "Final ...
v. t. e. In the philosophy of religion, an ontological argument is a deductive philosophical argument, made from an ontological basis, that is advanced in support of the existence of God. Such arguments tend to refer to the state of being or existing. More specifically, ontological arguments are commonly conceived a priori in regard to the ...