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  2. History of probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_probability

    The mathematical sense of the term is from 1718. In the 18th century, the term chance was also used in the mathematical sense of "probability" (and probability theory was called Doctrine of Chances). This word is ultimately from Latin cadentia, i.e. "a fall, case". The English adjective likely is of Germanic origin, most likely from Old Norse ...

  3. Probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability

    Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [ note 1 ][ 1 ][ 2 ] A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin.

  4. Probability theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

    Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms. Typically these axioms formalise probability in terms of a ...

  5. Timeline of probability and statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_probability...

    1866 – John Venn 's Logic of Chance defends the frequency interpretation of probability. 1877–1883 – Charles Sanders Peirce outlines frequentist statistics, emphasizing the use of objective randomization in experiments and in sampling. Peirce also invented an optimally designed experiment for regression.

  6. Classical definition of probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_definition_of...

    The probability of an event is the ratio of the number of cases favorable to it, to the number of all cases possible when nothing leads us to expect that any one of these cases should occur more than any other, which renders them, for us, equally possible. This definition is essentially a consequence of the principle of indifference.

  7. Blaise Pascal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal

    Roberto Rossellini directed a filmed biopic, Blaise Pascal, which originally aired on Italian television in 1971. [59] Pascal was a subject of the first edition of the 1984 BBC Two documentary, Sea of Faith, presented by Don Cupitt. The chameleon in the film Tangled is named for Pascal.

  8. Probability axioms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_axioms

    The standard probability axioms are the foundations of probability theory introduced by Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov in 1933. [1] These axioms remain central and have direct contributions to mathematics, the physical sciences, and real-world probability cases. [2]

  9. History of statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_statistics

    History of statistics. Statistics, in the modern sense of the word, began evolving in the 18th century in response to the novel needs of industrializing sovereign states. In early times, the meaning was restricted to information about states, particularly demographics such as population. This was later extended to include all collections of ...