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In the study presented by Gluck et al., [6] there was a paired associates test where after studying word pairs the participants were presented with one word from the pair and required to recall the match there was a noticeable difference in accuracy between the young adult and older adults. At the start of the study each pair was shown for 15 ...
A popular repeated-measures design is the crossover study. A crossover study is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures). While crossover studies can be observational studies, many important crossover studies are controlled experiments.
For example, if subjects are asked to memorize word pairs (e.g., donkey-tree and dog-tree), interference will occur when two pairs share a common associate (in this example, tree). A study using paired-associate tasks by Wickens, Born, and Allen (1963) [15] showed that if target material and interfering material decrease in similarity, a ...
Free recall is a common task in the psychological study of memory. In this task, participants study a list of items on each trial, and then are prompted to recall the items in any order. [ 1 ] Items are usually presented one at a time for a short duration, and can be any of a number of nameable materials, although traditionally, words from a ...
A common example is observing previous motor abilities from one skill interfering with a new set of motor abilities being learned in another skill from the initial. [1] Proactive interference is also associated with poorer list discrimination, which occurs when participants are asked to judge whether an item has appeared on a previously learned ...
In medicine, a crossover study or crossover trial is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures). While crossover studies can be observational studies , many important crossover studies are controlled experiments , which are discussed in this article.
This research was led by Allan Paivio, who found that the more image-arousing a word was the more likely it would be recalled in either free recall or paired associates. [ 13 ] There has been a considerable amount of research into the workings of memory, and specifically recall since the 1980s.
An example of acquired equivalence is from the studies Geoffrey Hall and his colleagues have conducted with pigeons. [12] In one study, the pigeons were trained to peck when they see the light with different colors. After that, the researchers paired certain colors to appear in sequence and provided food when the pigeons peck only in few sequences.