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The only known powers of 2 with all digits even are 2 1 = 2, 2 2 = 4, 2 3 = 8, 2 6 = 64 and 2 11 = 2048. [12] The first 3 powers of 2 with all but last digit odd is 2 4 = 16, 2 5 = 32 and 2 9 = 512. The next such power of 2 of form 2 n should have n of at least 6 digits.
Graphs of y = b x for various bases b: base 10, base e, base 2, base 1 / 2 . Each curve passes through the point (0, 1) because any nonzero number raised to the power of 0 is 1. At x = 1, the value of y equals the base because any number raised to the power of 1 is the number itself.
For example, there is no need to distinguish whether x 3 should be defined as (xx)x or as x(xx), since these are equal. Exponentiation to the power of zero can also be defined if the operation has an identity element, so the existence of identity elements is useful in power-associative contexts.
[1] The approximation can be proven several ways, and is closely related to the binomial theorem . By Bernoulli's inequality , the left-hand side of the approximation is greater than or equal to the right-hand side whenever x > − 1 {\displaystyle x>-1} and α ≥ 1 {\displaystyle \alpha \geq 1} .
Let the right triangle have sides (u, v, w), where the area equals uv / 2 and, by the Pythagorean theorem, u 2 + v 2 = w 2. If the area were equal to the square of an integer s uv / 2 = s 2. then by algebraic manipulations it would also be the case that 2uv = 4s 2 and −2uv = −4s 2. Adding u 2 + v 2 = w 2 to these equations gives
The Erdős–Moser equation, + + + = (+) where m and k are positive integers, is conjectured to have no solutions other than 1 1 + 2 1 = 3 1. The sums of three cubes cannot equal 4 or 5 modulo 9, but it is unknown whether all remaining integers can be expressed in this form.
As one special case, it can be used to prove that if n is a positive integer then 4 divides () if and only if n is not a power of 2. It follows from Legendre's formula that the p -adic exponential function has radius of convergence p − 1 / ( p − 1 ) {\displaystyle p^{-1/(p-1)}} .
The generalized quaternion group, the dihedral group, and the quasidihedral group of order 2 n all have nilpotency class n − 1, and are the only isomorphism classes of groups of order 2 n with nilpotency class n − 1. The groups of order p n and nilpotency class n − 1 were the beginning of the classification of all p-groups via coclass.