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In chemistry, the self-energy or Born energy of an ion is the energy associated with the field of the ion itself. [citation needed]In solid state and condensed-matter physics self-energies and a myriad of related quasiparticle properties are calculated by Green's function methods and Green's function (many-body theory) of interacting low-energy excitations on the basis of electronic band ...
The GW approximation (GWA) is an approximation made in order to calculate the self-energy of a many-body system of electrons. [1] [2] [3] The approximation is that the expansion of the self-energy Σ in terms of the single particle Green's function G and the screened Coulomb interaction W (in units of =)
In 2012 A. Deppman proposed a non-extensive self-consistent thermodynamical theory [6] that includes the self-consistency principle and the non-extensive statistics. This theory gives as result the same formula proposed by Bediaga et al., which describes correctly the high energy data, but also new formulas for the mass spectrum and density of ...
In quantum mechanics, an energy level is degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system.Conversely, two or more different states of a quantum mechanical system are said to be degenerate if they give the same value of energy upon measurement.
The growth of complexity eventually becomes self-limiting, and leads to a widespread "general systems collapse". Hofstadter (2006) raises concern that Ray Kurzweil is not sufficiently scientifically rigorous, that an exponential tendency of technology is not a scientific law like one of physics, and that exponential curves have no "knees". [ 85 ]
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In relativistic classical field theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, an energy condition is a generalization of the statement "the energy density of a region of space cannot be negative" in a relativistically phrased mathematical formulation. There are multiple possible alternative ways to express such a condition such that ...
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