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  2. Lift (force) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force)

    Lift may also be largely horizontal, for instance on a sailing ship. The lift discussed in this article is mainly in relation to airfoils; marine hydrofoils and propellers share the same physical principles and work in the same way, despite differences between air and water such as density, compressibility, and viscosity.

  3. Ground effect (aerodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_effect_(aerodynamics)

    Suckdown is the result of entrainment of air around aircraft by lift jets when hovering. It also occurs in free air (OGE) causing loss of lift by reducing pressures on the underside of the fuselage and wings. Enhanced entrainment occurs when close to the ground giving higher lift loss. Fountain lift occurs when an aircraft has two or more lift ...

  4. George Cayley - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cayley

    [4] [5] He was a pioneer of aeronautical engineering and is sometimes referred to as "the father of aviation." [3] He identified the four forces which act on a heavier-than-air flying vehicle: weight, lift, drag and thrust. [6] Modern aeroplane design is based on those discoveries and on the importance of cambered wings, also proposed by Cayley ...

  5. Aerodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics

    In many aerodynamics problems, the forces of interest are the fundamental forces of flight: lift, drag, thrust, and weight. Of these, lift and drag are aerodynamic forces, i.e. forces due to air flow over a solid body. Calculation of these quantities is often founded upon the assumption that the flow field behaves as a continuum.

  6. Lift coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_coefficient

    The section lift coefficient is based on two-dimensional flow over a wing of infinite span and non-varying cross-section so the lift is independent of spanwise effects and is defined in terms of ′, the lift force per unit span of the wing. The definition becomes

  7. Load factor (aeronautics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_factor_(aeronautics)

    In both cases the lift vector is the same (as seen by an observer on the ground), but in the latter the vertical axis of the aircraft points downwards, making the lift vector's sign negative. In turning flight the load factor is normally greater than +1. For example, in a turn with a 60° angle of bank the load factor is +2. Again, if the same ...

  8. Kutta–Joukowski theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutta–Joukowski_theorem

    The Kutta–Joukowski theorem is a fundamental theorem in aerodynamics used for the calculation of lift of an airfoil (and any two-dimensional body including circular cylinders) translating in a uniform fluid at a constant speed so large that the flow seen in the body-fixed frame is steady and unseparated.

  9. Lifting-line theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting-line_theory

    Lifting line theory supposes wings that are long and thin with negligible fuselage, akin to a thin bar (the eponymous "lifting line") of span 2s driven through the fluid. . From the Kutta–Joukowski theorem, the lift L(y) on a 2-dimensional segment of the wing at distance y from the fuselage is proportional to the circulation Γ(y) about the bar a