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With the new operations, the implementation of AVL trees can be more efficient and highly-parallelizable. [13] The function Join on two AVL trees t 1 and t 2 and a key k will return a tree containing all elements in t 1, t 2 as well as k. It requires k to be greater than all keys in t 1 and smaller than all keys in t 2.
Under this framework, the join operation captures all balancing criteria of different balancing schemes, and all other functions join have generic implementation across different balancing schemes. The join-based algorithms can be applied to at least four balancing schemes: AVL trees, red–black trees, weight-balanced trees and treaps.
Patricia trees are a particular implementation of the compressed binary trie that uses the binary encoding of the string keys in its representation. [23] [15]: 140 Every node in a Patricia tree contains an index, known as a "skip number", that stores the node's branching index to avoid empty subtrees during traversal.
Trees are commonly used to represent or manipulate hierarchical data in applications such as: . File systems for: . Directory structure used to organize subdirectories and files (symbolic links create non-tree graphs, as do multiple hard links to the same file or directory)
Most operations on a binary search tree (BST) take time directly proportional to the height of the tree, so it is desirable to keep the height small. A binary tree with height h can contain at most 2 0 +2 1 +···+2 h = 2 h+1 −1 nodes. It follows that for any tree with n nodes and height h: + And that implies:
The NIST Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures [1] is a reference work maintained by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. It defines a large number of terms relating to algorithms and data structures. For algorithms and data structures not necessarily mentioned here, see list of algorithms and list of data structures.
The weak AVL tree is defined by the weak AVL rule: Weak AVL rule: all rank differences are 1 or 2, and all leaf nodes have rank 0. Note that weak AVL tree generalizes the AVL tree by allowing for 2,2 type node. A simple proof shows that a weak AVL tree can be colored in a way that represents a red-black tree.
If a large proportion of the elements of the tree are deleted, then the tree will become much larger than the current size of the stored elements, and the performance of other operations will be adversely affected by the deleted elements. When this is undesirable, the following algorithm can be followed to remove a value from the 2–3–4 tree: