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A piece of the wreckage of Air New Zealand Flight 901, which crashed in Antarctica in 1979, despite being equipped with a GPWS.All 257 people on the plane died. Beginning in the early 1970s, a number of studies looked at the occurrence of CFIT accidents, where a properly functioning airplane under the control of a fully qualified and certificated crew is flown into terrain (or water or ...
The pressure set on the subscale of the altimeter so that the instrument indicates its height above the reference elevation being used [e.g. aerodrome elevation] [1] Runway in use 22 Left, QFE 990 hectopascals QFF: Atmospheric pressure at a place, reduced to MSL using the actual temperature at the time of observation as the mean temperature. QNE
Flight management system – A flight management system (FMS) is a fundamental component of a modern airliner's avionics. An FMS is a specialized computer system that automates a wide variety of in-flight tasks, reducing the workload on the flight crew to the point that modern civilian aircraft no longer carry flight engineers or navigators. A ...
In aviation, atmospheric sciences and broadcasting, a height above ground level (AGL [1] or HAGL) is a height measured with respect to the underlying ground surface.This is as opposed to height above mean sea level (AMSL or HAMSL), height above ellipsoid (HAE, as reported by a GPS receiver), or height above average terrain (AAT or HAAT, in broadcast engineering).
A ground proximity warning system (GPWS) is a system designed to alert pilots if their aircraft is in immediate danger of flying into the ground or an obstacle. The United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines GPWS as a type of terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS). [ 1 ]
The other antenna array is located beside the runway and provides elevation to indicate a standard glideslope. This complex set of antennas is expensive to install and maintain and is often difficult to site in areas with uneven terrain or obstacles that could interfere with its guidance signals.
Runway 13R at Palm Springs International Airport An MD-11 at one end of a runway. In aviation, a runway is an elongated, rectangular surface designed for the landing and takeoff of an aircraft. [1] Runways may be a human-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, sand or salt).
The obstacle-free zone (OFZ) is a 3D volume of airspace below 150 feet (46 m), above the established airport elevation which protects for the transition of aircraft to and from the runway. The Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) clearing standard precludes taxiing and parked airplanes and object penetrations, except for frangible navigation aid ( NAVAID ...