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In business and accounting, net income (also total comprehensive income, net earnings, net profit, bottom line, sales profit, or credit sales) is an entity's income minus cost of goods sold, expenses, depreciation and amortization, interest, and taxes for an accounting period. [1] [better source needed]
In several contexts, DCF valuation is referred to as the "income approach". Discounted cash flow valuation was used in industry as early as the 1700s or 1800s; it was explicated by John Burr Williams in his The Theory of Investment Value in 1938; it was widely discussed in financial economics in the 1960s; and became widely used in U.S. courts ...
When homes are purchased for personal use the buyer can validate the asking price by using the income approach in the opposite direction. An expected rate of return can be estimated by comparing net expected costs to the asking price. This return can be compared to the home owner's other investing opportunities. [14]
The income approach is a real estate appraisal valuation method. It is one of three major groups of methodologies, called valuation approaches , used by appraisers. It is particularly common in commercial real estate appraisal and in business appraisal.
The approach taken for a DCF valuation, is to then "remove" debt from the valuation, by discounting at the cost of equity either free cash flow to equity (net income less any reinvestment in regulatory capital) or excess return; [35] a dividend based valuation is often employed.
Three different approaches are commonly used in business valuation: the income approach, the asset-based approach, and the market approach. [7] Within each of these approaches, there are various techniques for determining the value of a business using the definition of value appropriate for the appraisal assignment. Generally,
The clean surplus accounting method provides elements of a forecasting model that yields price as a function of earnings, expected returns, and change in book value. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The theory's primary use is to estimate the value of a company's shares (instead of discounted dividend/cash flow approaches).
A valuation multiple [1] is simply an expression of market value of an asset relative to a key statistic that is assumed to relate to that value. To be useful, that statistic – whether earnings, cash flow or some other measure – must bear a logical relationship to the market value observed; to be seen, in fact, as the driver of that market value.