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Videonystagmography (VNG) is a type of testing used to assess vestibular and central nervous system function through the use of eye movement tracking, specifically evaluating nystagmus. [1] The older version of technology used to perform these tests, known as electronystagmography (ENG), leverages electrophysiological signals.
It can also be used to diagnose the cause of vertigo, dizziness or balance dysfunction by testing the vestibular system. [1] Electronystagmography is used to assess voluntary and involuntary eye movements. [2] It evaluates the cochlear nerve and the oculomotor nerve (CN III). [2] The ENG can be used to determine the origin of various eye and ...
Duane syndrome is a congenital rare type of strabismus most commonly characterized by the inability of the eye to move outward. The syndrome was first described by ophthalmologists Jakob Stilling (1887) and Siegmund Türk (1896), and subsequently named after Alexander Duane, who discussed the disorder in more detail in 1905.
Unilateral loss indicates a possible nerve lesion or deviated septum. This test is usually skipped on a cranial nerve exam. [1] The short axons of the first cranial nerve regenerate on a regular basis. The neurons in the olfactory epithelium have a limited life span, and new cells grow to replace the ones that die off.
Diagram illustrating the locations of extraocular muscles and ocular cranial nerves. Paresis of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII) reduces the strength of medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles, while trochlear nerve (CNIV) and abducens nerve (CNVI) paralysis affect superior oblique muscle and lateral rectus muscle respectively.
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) or intraoperative neuromonitoring is the use of electrophysiological methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and evoked potentials to monitor the functional integrity of certain neural structures (e.g., nerves, spinal cord and parts of the brain) during surgery.
Nystagmus as seen in a case of ocular albinism. The cause of pathological nystagmus may be congenital, idiopathic, or secondary to a pre-existing neurological disorder.It also may be induced temporarily by disorientation (such as on roller coaster rides or when a person has been spinning in circles) or by some drugs (alcohol, lidocaine, and other central nervous system depressants, inhalant ...
The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve, cranial nerve III, or simply CN III, is a cranial nerve that enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and innervates extraocular muscles that enable most movements of the eye and that raise the eyelid.