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Often, consuming code registers a callback for a particular type of event. When that event occurs, the callback is called. Callbacks are often used to program the graphical user interface (GUI) of a program that runs in a windowing system. The application supplies a reference to a custom callback function for the windowing system to call.
Java enables classes to be defined inside methods. These are called local classes. When such classes are not named, they are known as anonymous classes (or anonymous inner classes). A local class (either named or anonymous) may refer to names in lexically enclosing classes, or read-only variables (marked as final) in the lexically enclosing method.
The adapter pattern describes glue code as a software design pattern. Glue code describes language bindings or foreign function interfaces such as the Java Native Interface (JNI). Glue code may be written to access existing libraries , map objects to a database using object-relational mapping , or integrate commercial off-the-shelf programs.
It should be possible to define a new operation for (some) classes of an object structure without changing the classes. When new operations are needed frequently and the object structure consists of many unrelated classes, it's inflexible to add new subclasses each time a new operation is required because "[..] distributing all these operations across the various node classes leads to a system ...
Twisted is an event-driven network programming framework written in Python and licensed under the MIT License.. Twisted projects variously support TCP, UDP, SSL/TLS, IP multicast, Unix domain sockets, many protocols (including HTTP, XMPP, NNTP, IMAP, SSH, IRC, FTP, and others), and much more.
In Python, functions are first-class objects, just like strings, numbers, lists etc. This feature eliminates the need to write a function object in many cases. Any object with a __call__() method can be called using function-call syntax. An example is this accumulator class (based on Paul Graham's study on programming language syntax and ...
Event-driven programming is the dominant paradigm used in graphical user interfaces applications and network servers. In an event-driven application, there is generally an event loop that listens for events and then triggers a callback function when one of those events is detected.
Dynamic programming languages, such as Python, Perl, Tcl, and Ruby, all provide easy access to native code written in C, C++, or any other language obeying C/C++ calling conventions. Factor has FFIs for C, Fortran , Objective-C , and Windows COM ; all of these enable importing and calling arbitrary shared libraries dynamically.