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The Contributor Roles Taxonomy, commonly known as CRediT, is a controlled vocabulary of types of contributions to a research project. [1] CRediT is commonly used by scientific journals to provide an indication of what each contributor to a project did.
As a higher level abstraction, a conceptualization facilitates the discussion and comparison of its various ontologies, facilitating knowledge sharing and reuse. [7] [8] Each ontology based upon the same overarching conceptualization maps the conceptualization into specific elements and their relationships.
Ghost authorship occurs when an individual makes a substantial contribution to the research or the writing of the report, but is not listed as an author. [53] Researchers, statisticians and writers (e.g. medical writers or technical writers ) become ghost authors when they meet authorship criteria but are not named as an author.
The explicit definition of what a conceptual framework is and its application can therefore vary. Conceptual frameworks are beneficial as organizing devices in empirical research. One set of scholars has applied the notion of a conceptual framework to deductive, empirical research at the micro- or individual study level.
Film director and critic François Truffaut in 1965. Even before auteur theory, the director was considered the most important influence on a film. In Germany, an early film theorist, Walter Julius Bloem, explained that since filmmaking is an art geared toward popular culture, a film's immediate influence, the director, is viewed as the artist, whereas an earlier contributor, like the ...
A concept model (a model of a concept) is quite different because in order to be a good model it need not have this real world correspondence. [3] In artificial intelligence, conceptual models and conceptual graphs are used for building expert systems and knowledge-based systems ; here the analysts are concerned to represent expert opinion on ...
A conceptual system is a system of abstract concepts, of various kinds. [A] The abstract concepts can range "from numbers, to emotions, and from social roles, to mental states ..".
The individual contributions made by authors to a joint work need not necessarily be equal in quality or quantity. [8] Nevertheless, the author has to show that his contribution to the joint work is copyrightable by itself. [7] [9] A contribution of mere ideas is not sufficient. [10] In order to be a joint author, one must contribute expression ...