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Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rubella. [1] ... [13] which was developed by Stanley Plotkin and Leonard Hayflick at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia.
1970 – First vaccine for rubella; 1977 – First vaccine for pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae) 1978 – First vaccine for meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis) 1980 – Smallpox declared eradicated worldwide due to vaccination efforts; 1981 – First vaccine for hepatitis B (first vaccine to target a cause of cancer) 1984 – First vaccine ...
The MMR vaccine was developed by Maurice Hilleman. [6] It was licensed for use in the US by Merck in 1971. [ 20 ] Stand-alone measles , mumps , and rubella vaccines had been previously licensed in 1963, 1967, and 1969, respectively.
Maurice Hilleman at Merck & Co., a pioneer in the development of vaccinations, developed an improved version of the measles vaccine in 1968 and subsequently the MMR vaccine in 1971, which vaccinates against measles, mumps and rubella in a single shot followed by a booster.
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During his time at Wistar, Plotkin worked on several vaccines; chief among them are vaccines for rubella, rabies, rotavirus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). He developed a vaccine for rubella, based upon the RA 27/3 strain of the virus (also developed by Plotkin using WI-38, a fetal-derived human cell line), which was released to the public in 1969. [8]
The vaccine is now usually given as part of the MMR vaccine. The WHO recommends the first dose be given at 12 to 18 months of age with a second dose at 36 months. Pregnant women are usually tested for immunity to rubella early on. Women found to be susceptible are not vaccinated until after the baby is born because the vaccine contains live virus.
In early 1994, Sega released Sonic 3, which had been developed in secret at a secure facility in Silicon Valley, thousands of miles from Sega's Japanese headquarters. Nine-year-old Ben was "very impressed," he says now, noting the "updated design, expansive levels and the fact you could turn Super Sonic" -- when the hedgehog gained speed and ...