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Reversal theory is a structural, phenomenological theory of personality, motivation, and emotion in the field of psychology. [1] It focuses on the dynamic qualities of normal human experience to describe how a person regularly reverses between psychological states, reflecting their motivational style, the meaning they attach to a situation at a given time, and the emotions they experience.
Epinephrine is found in the lateral tegmental system, medulla, hypothalamus, and thalamus of the central nervous system, but their function is not fully understood. Norepinephrine is found in the brain stem and is involved in sleep and wakefulness, feeding behavior, and attention.
A phylogenetic tree showing how a number of monoamine receptors are related to each other. Monoamine neurotransmitter systems occur in virtually all vertebrates, where the evolvability of these systems has served to promote the adaptability of vertebrate species to different environments.
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Illustration of the major elements in chemical synaptic transmission. An electrochemical wave called an action potential travels along the axon of a neuron.When the wave reaches a synapse, it provokes release of a puff of neurotransmitter molecules, which bind to chemical receptor molecules located in the membrane of another neuron, on the opposite side of the synapse.
Ions can create excitatory or inhibitory potentials due to their unique reversal potentials and the membrane's permeability to each ion. The Nernst equation and Goldman equation can calculate membrane potential differences based on ion concentration, offering predictions into how ions can affect postsynaptic potentials. [3]
Diagram of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. The effects of stress on memory include interference with a person's capacity to encode memory and the ability to retrieve information. [1] [2] Stimuli, like stress, improved memory when it was related to learning the subject. [3]