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Zakiah Daradjat was born in Koto Marapak, Agam, Dutch East Indies, on 6 November 1926.Her father, Daradjat Husain was known as an activist in the Muslim organization Muhammadiyah and her mother, Rafi'ah was active in Sarekat Islam.
Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111) had an important influence on the use of logic in theology, making use of Avicennian logic in Kalam. [14] Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (b. 1149) criticised Aristotle's "first figure" and developed a form of inductive logic, foreshadowing the system of inductive logic developed by John Stuart Mill (1806–1873).
Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]
Syed Muhammad al Naquib bin Ali al-Attas (Arabic: سيد محمد نقيب العطاس Sayyid Muḥammad Naqīb al-ʿAṭṭās; born 5 September 1931) is a Malaysian Muslim philosopher.
In Islam, the Quran is considered to be the most sacred source of law. [6] Classical jurists held its textual integrity to be beyond doubt on account of it having been handed down by many people in each generation, which is known as "recurrence" or "concurrent transmission" ( tawātur ).
[2] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ilm" is understood as the antithesis of "djahl," which means "ignorance." [ 4 ] The word "ilm" is the most comprehensive term for "knowledge" in Arabic. While it is sometimes considered synonymous with " marifa " and "shuūr," there are notable distinctions in their usage.
Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak (Arabic: عَبْد اللَّه ٱبْن الْمُبَارَك, romanized: ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak; c. 726 –797) was an 8th-century traditionalist [3] Sunni Muslim scholar and Hanafi jurist. [4]
Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (full name: أبو بکر محمد بن زکریاء الرازي, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī), [a] c. 864 or 865–925 or 935 CE, [b] often known as (al-)Razi or by his Latin name Rhazes, also rendered Rhasis, was a Persian physician, philosopher and alchemist who lived during the Islamic Golden Age.