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The migration of cultured cells attached to a surface or in 3D is commonly studied using microscopy. [7] [8] [5] As cell movement is very slow, a few μm/minute, time-lapse microscopy videos are recorded of the migrating cells to speed up the movement.
Cancer cells must frequently regulate the translation phase of gene expression, though it is not fully understood why translation is targeted over steps like transcrion. While cancer cells often have genetically altered translation factors, it is much more common for cancer cells to modify the levels of existing translation factors. [ 23 ]
Translation is one of the key energy consumers in cells, hence it is strictly regulated. Numerous mechanisms have evolved that control and regulate translation in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. Regulation of translation can impact the global rate of protein synthesis which is closely coupled to the metabolic and proliferative state of a cell.
Transcription initiation is regulated by cis-acting elements (enhancers, silencers, isolators) within the regulatory regions of the DNA, and sequence-specific trans-acting factors that act as activators or repressors. [1] Gene transcription can also be regulated post-initiation by targeting the movement of the elongating polymerase. [40]
An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and hence an example of horizontal gene transfer. [2] [3] [page needed] Transduction does not require physical contact between the cell donating the DNA and the cell receiving the DNA (which occurs in conjugation), and it is DNase resistant (transformation is
Translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of protein synthesized from its mRNA. This regulation is vastly important to the cellular response to stressors, growth cues, and differentiation .
There are three main classifications for movement for DNA transposons: "cut and paste," [6] "rolling circle" (Helitrons), [7] and "self-synthesizing" (Polintons). [8] These distinct mechanisms of movement allow them to move around the genome of an organism. Since DNA transposons cannot synthesize DNA, they replicate using the host replication ...
DNA replication on the lagging strand is discontinuous. In lagging strand synthesis, the movement of DNA polymerase in the opposite direction of the replication fork requires the use of multiple RNA primers. DNA polymerase will synthesize short fragments of DNA called Okazaki fragments which are added to the 3' end of the primer. These ...