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  2. Measurement invariance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_invariance

    Measurement invariance or measurement equivalence is a statistical property of measurement that indicates that the same construct is being measured across some specified groups. [1] For example, measurement invariance can be used to study whether a given measure is interpreted in a conceptually similar manner by respondents representing ...

  3. Multilevel modeling for repeated measures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_Modeling_for...

    [1] In multilevel modeling, an overall change function (e.g. linear, quadratic, cubic etc.) is fitted to the whole sample and, just as in multilevel modeling for clustered data, the slope and intercept may be allowed to vary. For example, in a study looking at income growth with age, individuals might be assumed to show linear improvement over ...

  4. Structural equation modeling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_equation_modeling

    Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a diverse set of methods used by scientists for both observational and experimental research. SEM is used mostly in the social and behavioral science fields, but it is also used in epidemiology, [2] business, [3] and other fields. A common definition of SEM is, "...a class of methodologies that seeks to ...

  5. Standard error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_error

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  6. Confirmatory factor analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmatory_factor_analysis

    The comparative fit index (CFI) analyzes the model fit by examining the discrepancy between the data and the hypothesized model, while adjusting for the issues of sample size inherent in the chi-squared test of model fit, [21] and the normed fit index. [37] CFI values range from 0 to 1, with larger values indicating better fit.

  7. SmartPLS - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartPLS

    To estimate the model in SmartPLS, the model has to be estimated at two levels that include the measurement model assessment and structural model assessment. Measurement Model assessment involves several steps [ 13 ] that includes the assessment of quality criteria that includes the evaluation of factor loadings, construct reliability ...

  8. Partial least squares path modeling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_least_squares_path...

    The partial least squares path modeling or partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-PM, PLS-SEM) [1] [2] [3] is a method for structural equation modeling that allows estimation of complex cause-effect relationships in path models with latent variables.

  9. Wald test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald_test

    [1] [2] Intuitively, the larger this weighted distance, the less likely it is that the constraint is true. While the finite sample distributions of Wald tests are generally unknown, [ 3 ] : 138 it has an asymptotic χ 2 -distribution under the null hypothesis, a fact that can be used to determine statistical significance .