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Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein. It is typically achieved by the manipulation of gene expression in an organism such that it expresses large amounts of a recombinant gene .
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins through the design and production of unnatural polypeptides, often by altering amino acid sequences found in nature. [1] It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles.
Proteomics enables the identification of ever-increasing numbers of proteins. This varies with time and distinct requirements, or stresses, that a cell or organism undergoes. [3] Proteomics is an interdisciplinary domain that has benefited greatly from the genetic information of various genome projects, including the Human Genome Project. [4]
Shotgun proteomics can be used for functional classification or comparative analysis of these protein products. It can be used in projects ranging from large-scale whole proteome to focusing on a single protein family. It can be done in research labs or commercially.
An example quantitative proteomics workflow. Protein extracts from different samples are extracted and digested using trypsin. Separate samples are labeled using individual isobaric tandem mass tags (TMTs), then labeled samples are pooled. The sample origin of each peptide can be discerned from the TMT attached to it.
Single-cell proteomics. Techniques of SCOPE-MS and prioritized Single Cell ProtEomics (pSCoPE) allow for deep analysis of individual cells and thus increase the proteome depth and resolution. [4] Mass spectrometry innovations. Thermo Fisher's Orbitrap Astral enables the measurement of thousands of proteins from minimal samples in under 20 minutes.
Protein purification is a critical process in molecular biology and biochemistry, aimed at isolating a specific protein from a complex mixture, such as cell lysates or tissue extracts. [9] The goal is to obtain the protein in a pure form that retains its biological activity for further study, including functional assays, structural analysis, or ...
A protein microarray (or protein chip) is a high-throughput method used to track the interactions and activities of proteins, and to determine their function, and determining function on a large scale. [1] Its main advantage lies in the fact that large numbers of proteins can be tracked in parallel.