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  2. Checking whether a coin is fair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checking_whether_a_coin_is...

    The graph on the right shows the probability density function of r given that 7 heads were obtained in 10 tosses. (Note: r is the probability of obtaining heads when tossing the same coin once.) Plot of the probability density f(r | H = 7, T = 3) = 1320 r 7 (1 − r) 3 with r ranging from 0 to 1

  3. Randomness test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness_test

    A randomness test (or test for randomness), in data evaluation, is a test used to analyze the distribution of a set of data to see whether it can be described as random (patternless). In stochastic modeling , as in some computer simulations , the hoped-for randomness of potential input data can be verified, by a formal test for randomness, to ...

  4. Probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability

    Probability is the branch of mathematics and statistics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [note 1] [1] [2] This number is often expressed as a percentage (%), ranging from 0% to ...

  5. Circular error probable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_error_probable

    Probability (%) DRMS 63.213... CEP 50 2DRMS 98.169... R95 95 R99.7 99.7 We can then derive a conversion table to convert values expressed for one percentile level, to ...

  6. Hardware random number generator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number...

    A USB-pluggable hardware true random number generator. In computing, a hardware random number generator (HRNG), true random number generator (TRNG), non-deterministic random bit generator (NRBG), [1] or physical random number generator [2] [3] is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process capable of producing entropy (in other words, the device always has access to a ...

  7. Calibrated probability assessment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibrated_probability...

    Calibrated probability assessments are subjective probabilities assigned by individuals who have been trained to assess probabilities in a way that historically represents their uncertainty. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] For example, when a person has calibrated a situation and says they are "80% confident" in each of 100 predictions they made, they will get ...

  8. Martingale (probability theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martingale_(probability...

    In probability theory, a martingale is a sequence of random variables (i.e., a stochastic process) for which, at a particular time, the conditional expectation of the next value in the sequence is equal to the present value, regardless of all prior values.

  9. Fisher's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher's_method

    Under Fisher's method, two small p-values P 1 and P 2 combine to form a smaller p-value.The darkest boundary defines the region where the meta-analysis p-value is below 0.05.. For example, if both p-values are around 0.10, or if one is around 0.04 and one is around 0.25, the meta-analysis p-value is around 0