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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), P-30 antigen, is a glycoprotein enzyme encoded in humans by the KLK3 gene.PSA is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland in men and the paraurethral glands in women.
Men without prostate cancer typically have PSA levels of under 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), according to the American Cancer Society. PSA levels between 4 and 10 suggest you could have ...
Men with PSA levels above 4 ng/mL are at increased risk – around 1 in 4 will develop prostate cancer – and are often referred for a prostate biopsy. [15] [16] PSA levels over 10 ng/mL indicate an even higher risk: over half of men in this group develop prostate cancer. [15]
The doubling time is a characteristic unit (a natural unit of scale) for the exponential growth equation, and its converse for exponential decay is the half-life. As an example, Canada's net population growth was 2.7 percent in the year 2022, dividing 72 by 2.7 gives an approximate doubling time of about 27 years.
As PSA screening for prostate cancer declines, more men are being diagnosed with advanced disease that is less likely to respond to treatments, new research from the American Cancer Society finds.
In finance, the rule of 72, the rule of 70 [1] and the rule of 69.3 are methods for estimating an investment's doubling time. The rule number (e.g., 72) is divided by the interest percentage per period (usually years) to obtain the approximate number of periods required for doubling.
In a study involving 400 men aged 50 – 69, MRI screening identified more men with prostate cancer than PSA tests or ultrasound and did not increase the number of men who needed a biopsy. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] A large-scale trial of MRI screening, TRANSFORM, began in the UK in spring 2024.
The majority of conference participants concurred on the superiority of the scale over the 2005 Gleason grading system, pointing to the likelihood that overtreatment could be avoided for those patients whose cancer was assigned Grade 1.