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Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
Average annual temperatures in Greece range from around +4 °C (39 °F) in Kaimaktsalan up to +22 °C (72 °F) [8] in Lindos. The lowest average annual precipitation is recorded in Schoinoussa with 239 mm while the highest is found in Theodoriana with 2,529 mm. [ 7 ] The highest temperature ever recorded was 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) in Tatoi and ...
The thermohaline circulation has a major impact on average sea surface temperature throughout most of the world's oceans. [2] Warm sea surface temperatures can develop and strengthen cyclones over the ocean. Tropical cyclones can also cause a cool wake. This is due to turbulent mixing of the upper 30 metres (100 ft) of the ocean.
This is a list of countries and sovereign states by temperature. Average yearly temperature is calculated by averaging the minimum and maximum daily temperatures in the country, averaged for the years 1991 – 2020, from World Bank Group , derived from raw gridded climatologies from the Climatic Research Unit .
It is usually between 1 millimetre (0.04 in) and 20 metres (70 ft) below the sea surface. Sea surface temperatures greatly modify air masses in the Earth's atmosphere within a short distance of the shore. The thermohaline circulation has a major impact on average sea surface temperature throughout most of the world's oceans. [10]
A January 2025 graph of average sea temperatures shows cold water around the equator.
January 2020 had an average global surface land and water temperature of 55.65 °F (13.14 °C), which was 2.05°F (1.14°C) above the 20th century average. This made January 2020 the warmest January on record, surpassing 2016 by 0.04°F (0.02°C). The month's departure from the average was the fourth highest of any month ever recorded.
Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. [44]: 1216 This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. [44]: 1216 The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022. [45]