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Georg Feuerstein (27 May 1947 – 25 August 2012) was a German Indologist specializing in the philosophy and practice of Yoga.Feuerstein authored over 30 books on mysticism, Yoga, Tantra, and Hinduism.
Statue of Patañjali, its traditional snake form indicating kundalini or an incarnation of Shesha. The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali (IAST: Patañjali yoga-sūtras) is a compilation "from a variety of sources" [1] of Sanskrit sutras on the practice of yoga – 195 sutras (according to Vyāsa and Krishnamacharya) and 196 sutras (according to others, including BKS Iyengar).
The authorship of the two is first attributed to the same person in Bhojadeva's Rajamartanda, a relatively late (10th century) commentary on the Yoga Sutras, [54] as well as several subsequent texts. As for the texts themselves, the Yoga Sutra iii.44 cites a sutra as that from Patanjali by name, but this line itself is not from the Mahābhāṣya.
The term also became a modern name for the practice of yoga [1] [2] in the 19th-century when Swami Vivekananda gave his interpretation of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in his book Raja Yoga. [3] Since then, Rāja yoga has variously been called aṣṭāṅga yoga , royal yoga , royal union , sahaja marg , and classical yoga .
Haribhadra uses the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali to develop his system of Jain meditation and Yoga. He compares Patanjali's system of eightfold yoga with three other systems, a Buddhist Yoga attributed to a certain Bhadanta Bhāskara, Vedanta Yoga system attributed to Bandhu Bhagavaddatta, and Haribhadra's own Jain Yoga system. [ 4 ]
Samkhya Sutra; Mimamsa Sutra, 300 – 200 BCE [9] Arthashastra, 400 BCE – 200 CE [10] Nyāya Sūtras, 2nd century BCE [11] Vaiśeṣika Sūtra, 2nd century BCE [12] Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, 100 BCE – 500 BCE [13] Brahma Sutra, 500 BCE [14] [15] Puranas, 250 – 1000 CE [16] Shiva Sutras, 120 BCE [citation needed]
The first two sutras are as follows: 1.1.1 vṛddhir ādaiC [i] 1.1.2 adeṄ guṇaḥ [ii] In these sutras, the letters which here are put into the upper case actually are special meta-linguistic symbols; they are called IT [iii] markers or, by later writers such as Katyayana and Patanjali, anubandhas (see below).
Yogaśāstra (lit. "Yoga treatise") is a 12th-century Sanskrit text by Hemachandra on Śvetāmbara Jainism. [1] [2] It is a treatise on the "rules of conduct for laymen and ascetics", wherein "yoga" means "ratna-traya" (three jewels), i.e. right belief, right knowledge and right conduct for a Sadhaka. [2]