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This x-intercept is also referred to as aligning prism or – in earlier times – as associated phoria when the subjective nonius method was used (sP 0) the slope of the curve near zero prism load; Fig. 3: Fixation disparity as a function of the forced vergence angle which is induced by base-in prisms and base-out prisms in front of the eyes.
From left to right: an accommodative fixation stick, a vertical prism bar, and a horizontal prism bar. The PFR involves placing a prism bar in front of an eye. In a patient with BSV, a natural shift of the eye occurs. When measuring horizontal fusion ranges, base in prisms assess fusional divergence while base out prisms assess fusional ...
The Maddox rod test is a subjective method to measure horizontal and vertical deviations of the eyes, using a red line and a white light. The double Maddox rod test can also assess torsion and cyclotropias, by comparing the angles of two red lines.
A prism is a polyhedron with two congruent polygonal bases and parallelogram sides. Learn about oblique, right, regular, uniform and other types of prisms, their volume, surface area, symmetry and related polytopes.
Exophoria is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward, usually mild and with fusion possible. It can be caused by refractive errors, divergence excess, or convergence insufficiency, and is common in infancy and childhood.
A triangular prism is a prism with two triangular bases, and a right triangular prism is a special case with perpendicular edges. Learn about its symmetry, volume, dual polyhedron, and related polyhedra such as Johnson solids, truncated and Schönhardt polyhedra.
Learn about the geometry and physics of sphere packing, a problem of arranging non-overlapping spheres in a space. Find out the densest packing of equal spheres in three dimensions, the Kepler conjecture, and the difference between regular and irregular packings.
A heptagonal prism is a polyhedron with heptagonal base and 21 edges. Learn about its area, volume, symmetry, dual, and related polyhedra.