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Levels-of-processing effect: That different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness. [161] List-length effect: A smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list, but as the length of the list increases, the absolute number of items remembered increases as well. [162] Memory inhibition
Blocking occurs especially often for the names of people and places, because their links to related concepts and knowledge are weaker than for common names. [2] The experience of blocking occurs more often as we get older; this "tip of the tongue" experience is a common complaint amongst 60- and 70-year-olds.
The curse of knowledge, also called the curse of expertise [1] or expert's curse, is a cognitive bias that occurs when a person who has specialized knowledge assumes that others share in that knowledge. [2] For example, in a classroom setting, teachers may have difficulty if they cannot put themselves in the position of the student.
Association fallacy (guilt by association and honor by association) – arguing that because two things share (or are implied to share) some property, they are the same. [94] Logic chopping fallacy (nit-picking, trivial objections) – Focusing on trivial details of an argument, rather than the main point of the argumentation. [95] [96]
Two most common distinction is between the following two types: Provoked confabulations represent a normal response to a faulty memory, are common in both amnesia and dementia, [10] and can become apparent during memory tests. [11] Spontaneous confabulations do not occur in response to a cue [11] and seem to be involuntary. [12]
In psychology, the misattribution of memory or source misattribution is the misidentification of the origin of a memory by the person making the memory recall.Misattribution is likely to occur when individuals are unable to monitor and control the influence of their attitudes, toward their judgments, at the time of retrieval. [1]
Cultural bias has no a priori definition. [clarification needed] Instead, its presence is inferred from differential performance of socioracial (e.g., Blacks, Whites), ethnic (e.g., Latinos/Latinas, Anglos), or national groups (e.g., Americans, Japanese) on measures of psychological constructs such as cognitive abilities, knowledge or skills (CAKS), or symptoms of psychopathology (e.g ...
Attribution theory also provides explanations for why different people can interpret the same event in different ways and what factors contribute to attribution biases. [ 10 ] Psychologist Fritz Heider first discussed attributions in his 1958 book, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations . [ 1 ]