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Terpenes are classified by the number of carbons: monoterpenes (C 10), sesquiterpenes (C 15), diterpenes (C 20), as examples. The terpene alpha-pinene is a major component of the common solvent, turpentine. The one terpene that has major applications is natural rubber (i.e., polyisoprene).
orange pigments . α-Carotene – to vitamin A carrots, pumpkins, maize, tangerine, orange.; β-Carotene – to vitamin A dark, leafy greens, red, orange and yellow fruits and vegetables.
Terpenoids are modified terpenes, [7] wherein methyl groups have been moved or removed, or oxygen atoms added. Some authors use the term "terpene" more broadly, to include the terpenoids. Just like terpenes, the terpenoids can be classified according to the number of isoprene units that comprise the parent terpene:
Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C 10 H 16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings (monocyclic and bicyclic). Modified terpenes, such as those containing oxygen functionality or missing a methyl group, are called monoterpenoids. Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids ...
Diterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C 20 H 32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway , with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate.
Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C 15 H 24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many combinations. Biochemical modifications such as oxidation or rearrangement produce the related sesquiterpenoids. [1]
Triterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of six isoprene units with the molecular formula C 30 H 48; they may also be thought of as consisting of three terpene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squalene, the precursor to all steroids. [1] [2]
Alpha-pinene is the most widely encountered terpenoid in nature [6] and is highly repellent to insects. [7]Alpha-pinene appears in conifers and numerous other plants. [8] Pinene is a major component of the essential oils of Sideritis spp. (ironwort) [9] and Salvia spp. (sage). [10]
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