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  2. Valence electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron

    The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the periodic table group (vertical column) in which the element is categorized. In groups 1–12, the group number matches the number of valence electrons; in groups 13–18, the units digit of the group number matches the number of valence electrons. (Helium is the sole ...

  3. Electron counting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_counting

    In chemistry, electron counting is a formalism for assigning a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule. It is used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting their electronic structure and bonding. [1] Many rules in chemistry rely on electron-counting:

  4. Valence (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)

    The valence is the combining capacity of an atom of a given element, determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that it combines with. In methane, carbon has a valence of 4; in ammonia, nitrogen has a valence of 3; in water, oxygen has a valence of 2; and in hydrogen chloride, chlorine has a valence of 1.

  5. d electron count - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_electron_count

    The d electron count or number of d electrons is a chemistry formalism used to describe the electron configuration of the valence electrons of a transition metal center in a coordination complex. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The d electron count is an effective way to understand the geometry and reactivity of transition metal complexes.

  6. Electron configurations of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurations_of...

    This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. For phosphorus (element 15) as an example, the concise form is [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3.

  7. Charge carrier density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_carrier_density

    For holes, is the number of holes per unit volume in the valence band. To calculate this number for electrons, we start with the idea that the total density of conduction-band electrons, , is just adding up the conduction electron density across the different energies in the band, from the bottom of the band to the top of the band .

  8. Electron configuration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration

    The valence electrons in the atom were described by Richard Abegg in 1904. [8] In 1924, E. C. Stoner incorporated Sommerfeld's third quantum number into the description of electron shells, and correctly predicted the shell structure of sulfur to be 2.8.6. [9]

  9. Atomic number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number

    The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. Hence, it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture ...