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Social attitudes towards spitting have changed greatly in Western Europe since the Middle Ages.Then, frequent spitting was part of everyday life, and at all levels of society, it was thought ill-mannered to suck back saliva to avoid spitting.
The later Middle Ages saw words for these practitioners of harmful magical acts appear in various European languages: sorcière in French, Hexe in German, strega in Italian, and bruja in Spanish. [16] The English term for malevolent practitioners of magic, witch, derived from the earlier Old English term wicce. [16]
It was not uncommon in the Middle Ages for a person to cut off the nose of another for various reasons, including punishment from the state, or as an act of revenge. [2]The expression has since become a blanket term for (often unwise) self-destructive actions motivated purely by anger or desire for revenge.
Even as the Middle Ages become increasingly well documented; historians increasingly focus on writing literature addressing some of the primary misconceptions about medieval history; [2] [3] and other historians take the alternative approach of highlighting many of the intellectual, scientific, and technological advances that took place during ...
Included in these is Adémar de Chabannes, writing shortly after the events in 1028, who mentions a Eucharist made of human ashes, sex orgies, spitting on the cross and Devil worship, and Paul of Saint-Père de Chartres, writing nearly 50 years later, who described secret, nighttime ceremonies and the appearance of Satan.
The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A.D. 70, by David Roberts (1850), shows the city burning. Early thermal weapons, which used heat or burning action to destroy or damage enemy personnel, fortifications or territories, were employed in warfare during the classical and medieval periods (approximately the 8th century BC until the mid-16th century AD).
Alan Eugene Miller is set to be executed on Sept. 26 in the shooting deaths of three co-workers in Pelham in 1999. Records show an extensive history of mental illness.
In addition to these personal accounts, many presentations of the Black Death have entered the general consciousness as great literature.For example, the major works of Boccaccio (The Decameron), Petrarch, Geoffrey Chaucer (The Canterbury Tales), and William Langland (Piers Plowman), which all discuss the Black Death, are generally recognized as some of the best works of their era.