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Non-epileptic seizures (NES), also known as pseudoseizures, non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD), functional seizures, or dissociative seizures, are paroxysmal events that appear similar to an epileptic seizure, but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of neurons in the brain. [1]
Atonic seizures are a brief 0.5-2 second lapses in muscle tone commonly leading to a fall. [6] Epileptic spasm seizures are brief 1-2 second proximal limb and truncal flexion or extension movements, often repeated. [6] Hyperkinetic seizures occur as high amplitude truncal and limb movements such as pedaling, thrashing, and rocking movements. [7]
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), also referred to as pseudoseizures, non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD), functional seizures, or dissociative seizures, [2] [3] are episodes resembling an epileptic seizure but without the characteristic electrical discharges associated with epilepsy.
Tongue bites are also relatively common in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. [32] Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures are seizure like behavior without an associated synchronised electrical discharge on EEG and are considered a dissociative disorder. [32] Myoclonic seizures involve very brief muscle spasms in either a few areas or all over.
Seizure prediction is a special case of seizure detection in which the developed systems is able to issue a warning before the clinical onset of the epileptic seizure. [76] [78] Computational neuroscience has been able to bring a new point of view on the seizures by considering the dynamical aspects. [79]
Otherwise, the lack of typical postictal symptoms, such as confusion and lethargy following convulsive seizures, may be a sign of non-epileptic seizures. Usually such seizures are instead related to syncope or have a psychogenic origin ("pseudoseizures"). [3] The postictal state can also be useful for determining the focus of the seizure.
Through neuroimaging, clinical assessments, and spinal-fluid examination the patients are screened for intrinsic neurological anomalies. The patients are analyzed for non-epileptic seizures. Early electroencephalography is recommended if there is a possibility of non-convulsive or subtle status epilepticus.
Because epileptic seizures typically include convulsions, the term convulsion is often used as a synonym for seizure. [1] However, not all epileptic seizures result in convulsions, and not all convulsions are caused by epileptic seizures. [1] [2] Non-epileptic convulsions have no relation with epilepsy, and are caused by non-epileptic seizures. [1]
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