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The carruca or caruca was a kind of heavy plow important to medieval agriculture in Northern Europe. The carruca used a heavy iron plowshare to turn heavy soil and may have required a team of eight oxen. The carruca also bore a coulter and moldboard. It gave its name to the English carucate.
The heavy iron moldboard plow was invented in China's Han Empire in the 1st and 2nd century, and from there it spread to the Netherlands, which led the Agricultural Revolution. [ 22 ] : 20 The mould-board plough introduced in the 18th century was a major advance in technology.
Fowler achieved this by designing a frame for the plough that had two ploughs attached as a kind of see-saw. One of the two plough blades would be swung down to make contact with the soil, depending on the direction the plough was to travel. At the end of each furrow the anchored pulleys would be moved slightly ready for the next furrow.
Jethro Wood's plow design was later supplanted by the further improvements of John Deere, who furnished the plow with polished plowshares that enabled it to break up prairie sod. [ 25 ] After his death, Wood’s son, Benjamin Wood continued his battles against copy patents, working with Clay, Webster, and John Adams and securing a reform to the ...
John Deere was born on February 7, 1804, in Rutland, Vermont, [4] the third son of William Rinold Deere, [5] a merchant tailor, and Sarah Yeats. [6] After a brief educational period at Middlebury College, at age 17 in 1821, he began an apprenticeship with Captain Benjamin Lawrence, a successful Middlebury blacksmith, and entered the trade for himself in 1826.
The Howard patent plough was a great success and made in huge numbers. However a diverse range of different types of agricultural equipment was made, for example an advert in 1891 lists their famous ploughs and harrows plus disk harrows, horse rakes, mowers, reapers, cultivators, land-rollers, hay presses, straw trussers, grass harrows, horse hoes, vine cultivators, sheaf binders, scarifiers ...
It began to be replaced in China by the heavy carruca turnplough in the 1st century, [3] and in most of Europe from the 7th century. In its simplest form it resembles a hoe , consisting of a draft-pole (either composite or a single piece) pierced with a nearly vertical, wooden, spiked head (or stock ) which is dragged through the soil by draft ...
Carruca (Heavy Plough ) A type of heavy wheeled plough commonly found in Northern Europe. [5] The device consisted of four major parts. The first part was a coulter at the bottom of the plough. [6] This knife was used to vertically cut into the top sod to allow for the plowshare to work. [6]