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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
It was a holy war but differed from the First Crusade in that there was no pilgrimage, no vow, and no formal authorisation by the church. [8] Shortly before the First Crusade, Urban II had encouraged the Iberian Christians to take Tarragona , using much of the same symbolism and rhetoric that was later used to preach the crusade to the people ...
The Abbasid Caliphate assumes control of the Holy Land. [c] [12] 777. Charlemagne and Harun al-Rashid pursue an Abbasid–Carolingian alliance. [13] [14] 15 August 778. A contingent of Basques ambush Carolingian forces at the first Battle of Roncevaux Pass. [15] Before 787. Saint Willibald writes of his travels to the Holy Land. [16] 25 July 812.
Christian holy war had a long history pre-dating the 11th century when papal reformers began equating the universal church with the papacy [clarification needed]. This resulted in the Peace and Truce of God movement supporting military defence of the church, clergy and its
In this way the church was able to combine the ideas of holy war and Christian pilgrimage to create the legal and theocratic justifications for the crusading movement. [25] The historian Carl Erdmann mapped out the three stages for the argument creating the institution of the crusading movement: defending Christen unity was a just cause;
The Great Turkish War, also known as The Fourteenth Crusade [201] was a crusade undertaken by the Holy League of Pope Innocent XI [202] against the Ottoman Empire which met with an unprecedented Crusader success leading to the recovery of most of Hungary, Transylvania, Podolia and Morea to Christian rule and the beginning of the decline of the ...
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is one of the most important pilgrimage sites in Christianity, as it is the purported site of Christ's resurrection. For Christians, the Holy Land is considered holy because of its association with the birth, ministry, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus, whom Christians regard as the incarnation of God and ...
In Roman Catholic theology as it has developed since the scholastic period, the essence of God can be known but only in the next life; the grace of God is always created; and the essence of God is pure act, so that there can be no distinction between the energies or operations and the essence of God (see, e.g., the Summa Theologiae of St Thomas ...