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A mare may be in heat for 4 to 10 days, followed by approximately 14 days in diestrus. Thus, a cycle may be short, totaling approximately 3 weeks. [21] Horses mate in spring and summer; autumn is a transition time, and anestrus occurs during winter.
As the days shorten, most mares enter an anestrus period during the winter and thus do not cycle in this period. The reproductive cycle in a mare is controlled by the photoperiod (length of the day), the cycle first triggered when the days begin to lengthen. As the days shorten, the mare returns to the anestrus period when she is not sexually ...
The estrous cycle (also spelled oestrous) controls when a mare is sexually receptive toward a stallion, and helps to physically prepare the mare for conception. It generally occurs during the spring and summer months, although some mares may be sexually receptive into the late fall, and is controlled by the photoperiod (length of the day), the ...
Two primary classes of thermodynamic cycles are power cycles and heat pump cycles. Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures by using mechanical work as the input. Cycles composed entirely of quasistatic processes can operate as power ...
If the mare was prevented from doing so, she would feel no affection for the foal and refuse to feed it, which is why it was believed that the power of love was concentrated in the hippomanes. The vulval discharge from the mare in oestrus was also referred to as Hippomanes in antiquity and was used equally for love potions and love spells. [8] [9]
Munk & Wunsch (1998) estimated that Earth experiences 3.7 TW (0.0073 W/m 2) of tidal heating, of which 95% (3.5 TW or 0.0069 W/m 2) is associated with ocean tides and 5% (0.2 TW or 0.0004 W/m 2) is associated with Earth tides, with 3.2 TW being due to tidal interactions with the Moon and 0.5 TW being due to tidal interactions with the Sun. [3] Egbert & Ray (2001) confirmed that overall ...
Novikov engine showing irreversible heat transfer between and , coupled to a Carnot cycle operating between and . [ 8 ] Consider a semi-ideal heat engine , in which heat transfer takes time, according to Fourier's law of heat conduction : Q ˙ ∝ Δ T {\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}\propto \Delta T} , but other operations happen instantly.
Importantly, for a heat engine, including the Carnot cycle, the free-energy change after a full cycle is zero, =, while the engine produces nonzero work. It is important to note that for heat engines and other thermal systems, the free energies do not offer convenient characterizations; internal energy and enthalpy are the preferred potentials ...