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  2. Glossary of probability and statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability...

    Also confidence coefficient. A number indicating the probability that the confidence interval (range) captures the true population mean. For example, a confidence interval with a 95% confidence level has a 95% chance of capturing the population mean. Technically, this means that, if the experiment were repeated many times, 95% of the CIs computed at this level would contain the true population ...

  3. Statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics

    Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data, [5] or as a branch of mathematics. [6] Some consider statistics to be a distinct mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data ...

  4. Dependent and independent variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent...

    In mathematics, a function is a rule for taking an input (in the simplest case, a number or set of numbers) [5] and providing an output (which may also be a number). [5] A symbol that stands for an arbitrary input is called an independent variable, while a symbol that stands for an arbitrary output is called a dependent variable. [6]

  5. Controlling for a variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable

    Instead, they must control for variables using statistics. Observational studies are used when controlled experiments may be unethical or impractical. For instance, if a researcher wished to study the effect of unemployment ( the independent variable ) on health ( the dependent variable ), it would be considered unethical by institutional ...

  6. Positive and negative predictive values - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative...

    The positive predictive value (PPV), or precision, is defined as = + = where a "true positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a positive result under the gold standard, and a "false positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a negative result under the gold standard.

  7. Statistical significance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance

    Researchers focusing solely on whether their results are statistically significant might report findings that are not substantive [46] and not replicable. [47] [48] There is also a difference between statistical significance and practical significance. A study that is found to be statistically significant may not necessarily be practically ...

  8. Statistical thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_thinking

    Statistical thinking is a tool for process analysis of phenomena in relatively simple terms, while also providing a level of uncertainty surrounding it. [1] It is worth nothing that "statistical thinking" is not the same as "quantitative literacy", although there is overlap in interpreting numbers and data visualizations.

  9. Common cause and special cause (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cause_and_special...

    The distinction is fundamental in philosophy of statistics and philosophy of probability, with different treatment of these issues being a classic issue of probability interpretations, being recognised and discussed as early as 1703 by Gottfried Leibniz; various alternative names have been used over the years.