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With positive buoyancy (e.g. floating fruit), ocean surface currents freely move propagules, and dispersal distances are only limited by the viability time of the fruit, [55] [56] leading to exceptionally long single dispersal events (more than 100 km), [57] which is rare for passive abiotic movement of terrestrial fruit and seeds.
Inside the pods are ten to fifteen seeds, each of which have a diameter of 6 cm (2.4 in) and a thickness of 2 cm (0.79 in). [6] The seeds contain a hollow cavity, which gives them buoyancy. After being washed by rain into rivers and then the ocean, the seeds of E. gigas drift long distances on ocean currents. Seed buoyancy and vitality lasts at ...
Similar to how deep-sea SMS mining tools create noise pollution, they also create anthropogenic light sources on the seafloor (from mining tools) and the ocean surface (from surface support vessels). Organisms at these hydrothermal vent systems are in the aphotic zone of the ocean and have adapted to very low light conditions.
Because of the brine's high density and lack of mixing currents in the deep ocean, brine pools often become anoxic and deadly to respiring organisms. [7] Brine pools supporting chemosynthetic activity , however, form life on the pool's shores where bacteria and their symbionts grow near the highest concentrations of nutrient release. [ 8 ]
Drift seeds (also sea beans) and drift fruits are seeds and fruits adapted for long-distance dispersal by water. Most are produced by tropical trees, and they can be found on distant beaches after drifting thousands of miles through ocean currents .
In OMZs oxygen concentration drops to levels <10 nM at the base of the oxycline and can remain anoxic for over 700 m depth. [7] This lack of oxygen can be reinforced or increased due to physical processes changing oxygen supply such as eddy-driven advection, [7] sluggish ventilation, [8] increases in ocean stratification, and increases in ocean temperature which reduces oxygen solubility.
The first version of IBCSO was published in 2013, [4] covering the Southern Ocean south of 60°S. More than 4,200 million ocean soundings of diverse types and quality were incorporated. IBCSO became associated with and is supported by the Nippon Foundation – Seabed 2030 Project since 2017.
Bathymodiolus thermophilus is found clustered around deep sea thermal vents on the East Pacific Rise between 13°N and 22°S and in the nearby Galapagos Rift at depths around 2800 metres (one and a half miles). [4] [5] Deep sea hydrothermal vents are frequently found along tectonic plate boundaries, and underwater mountain ranges and ridges.