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Blood tests are also used to assess kidney function. These include tests that are intended to directly measure the function of the kidneys, as well as tests that assess the function of the kidneys by looking for evidence of problems associated with abnormal function. One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
One of these is cystatin C, a ubiquitous protein secreted by most cells in the body (it is an inhibitor of cysteine protease). [14] Cystatin C is freely filtered at the glomerulus. After filtration, Cystatin C is reabsorbed and catabolized by the tubular epithelial cells, with only small amounts excreted in the urine.
Cystatin C or cystatin 3 (formerly gamma trace, post-gamma-globulin, or neuroendocrine basic polypeptide), [5] a protein encoded by the CST3 gene, is mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function. Recently, it has been studied for its role in predicting new-onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease .
Diabetic nephropathy, also known as diabetic kidney disease, [5] is the chronic loss of kidney function occurring in those with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. The triad of protein leaking into the urine (proteinuria or albuminuria ...
Levey is known for developing the most widely used equations to estimate GFR (renal function) globally.He pioneered work with the MDRD Study Equation, [1] led the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), which pooled measured kidney function CKD data from studies all over the world to develop equations to estimate kidney function from serum creatinine, cystatin C, and ...
Normal or Postrenal (after the kidney) Normal range. Can also be postrenal disease. BUN reabsorption is within normal limits. <12:1 <40:1 Intrarenal (within kidney) Renal damage causes reduced reabsorption of BUN, therefore lowering the BUN:Cr ratio. Decreased ratio indicates liver disease (due to decreased urea formation) or malnutrition. [4]
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The renal clearance ratio or fractional excretion is a relative measure of the speed at which a constituent of urine passes through the kidneys. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is defined by following equation: c l e a r a n c e r a t i o o f X = C x C i n {\displaystyle clearance\ ratio\ of\ X={\frac {C_{x}}{C_{in}}}}