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4G: OFDMA: LTE: Digital: 2009 Worldwide SIM card: None Smaller cells and lower coverage on the S band. Very low density Hard No (data only) Voice possible through VoLTE or fallback to 2G/3G 5G: OFDMA: NR: Digital: 2018 Limited SIM card: None Dense cells on millimeter waves. Very low density Hard No (data only) Voice possible through VoNR
4G provides, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony , gaming services, high-definition mobile TV , video conferencing, 3D ...
Originally 2G networks were voice centric or even voice only digital cellular systems (as opposed to the analog 1G networks). Typical 2G standards include GSM and IS-95 with extensions via GPRS, EDGE and 1xRTT, providing Internet access to users of originally voice centric 2G networks. Both EDGE and 1xRTT are 3G standards, as defined by the ITU ...
An Android phone, showing that it is connected to a 5G network. In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation of cellular network technology, which mobile operators began deploying worldwide in 2019 as the successor to 4G. 5G is based on standards defined by the International Telecommunication Union under the IMT-2020 requirements, which outline performance targets for speed, latency, and ...
GSM and related 2G and 2.5G standards, including GPRS and EDGE; UMTS and related 3G standards, including HSPA and HSPA+; LTE and related 4G standards, including LTE Advanced and LTE Advanced Pro; 5G NR and related 5G standards, including 5G-Advanced; An evolved IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) developed in an access independent manner
3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses ...
2G, understood as GSM and CdmaOne, has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE / WiMAX) and 5G . However, 2G networks were still available as of 2023 [update] in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in North America , East Asia , and Australasia .
The first version of the GSM (=2G) standard had 6,000 pages. The IEEE/RSE awarded to Thomas Haug and Philippe Dupuis the 2018 James Clerk Maxwell medal for their contributions to the first digital mobile telephone standard. [16] In 2018, the GSM was used by over 5 billion people in over 220 countries. The GSM (2G) has evolved into 3G, 4G and 5G.
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