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A cryometer is a thermometer used to measure very low temperatures of objects. Ethanol-filled thermometers are used in preference to mercury for meteorological measurements and can measure temperatures in the range of −38 to 70 °C (−36 to 158 °F). Their main physical limitation is the freezing and boiling point of the liquid used.
The Low Temperature Laboratory recorded a record low temperature of 100 pK, or 1.0 × 10 −10 K in 1999. [11] The current apparatus for achieving low temperatures has two stages. The first uses a helium dilution refrigerator to get to temperatures of millikelvins, then the next stage uses adiabatic nuclear demagnetisation to reach picokelvins ...
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A thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer) in which some change occurs with a change in temperature; and (2) some means of converting this change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury ...
Side-by-side diagrams of Celsius and Fahrenheit thermometers, with boiling/freezing point of water labelled. Based on Thermometer (PSF).png. Source code used to generate measure lines and text for the thermometer can be found at . Casing / fluid was added using Inkscape v. 0.47. Date: n /a: Source: n /a: Author: Gringer: Other versions
Such thermometers are usually calibrated so that one can read the temperature simply by observing the level of the fluid in the thermometer. Another type of thermometer that is not really used much in practice, but is important from a theoretical standpoint, is the gas thermometer .
The physical limitation of the ability of a thermometer to measure low temperature is the freezing point of the liquid used. Ethanol freezes at −114.9 °C (−174.82 °F). If an alcohol thermometer utilizes a combination of ethanol, toluene, and pentane, its lower temperature range may be extended to measure temperatures down to as low as − ...
The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. –273.15 °C, −459.67 °F or 0 K). [1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry , thermodynamics , statistical physics and calorimetry , that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.