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  2. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil...

    Rule 23.1 governs derivative suits in which a plaintiff seeks to assert a right belonging to a corporation (or similar entity) in which the plaintiff is a shareholder, on behalf of the corporation that is not pursuing the claim itself. Rule 23.2 governs actions by or against unincorporated associations.

  3. Negotiation Class - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation_Class

    Just like any other class action, a negotiation class must meet all of the requirements of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In particular, this includes satisfying 23(a)'s prerequisites of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy, and 23(b)(3)'s predominance and superiority requirements. [1] [2]

  4. Class action - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action

    In federal courts, class actions are governed by Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 23 and 28 U.S.C.A. § 1332(d). [69] Cases in federal courts are only allowed to proceed as class actions if the court has jurisdiction to hear the case, and if the case meets the criteria set out in Rule 23.

  5. Civil procedure in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Procedure_in_the...

    Early federal and state civil procedure in the United States was rather ad hoc and was based on traditional common law procedure but with much local variety. There were varying rules that governed different types of civil cases such as "actions" at law or "suits" in equity or in admiralty; these differences grew from the history of "law" and "equity" as separate court systems in English law.

  6. Magistrates' court (England and Wales) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrates'_Court_(England...

    There are four mechanisms under which a decision of a magistrates' court may be challenged: reconsideration by the same magistrates' court; [22] appeal to the Crown Court; [23] appeal to the High Court (King's Bench Division) by way of case stated; and; judicial review in the High Court (Administrative Division).

  7. United States magistrate judge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_magistrate_judge

    The magistrate judge's seat is not a separate court; the authority that a magistrate judge exercises is the jurisdiction of the district court itself, delegated to the magistrate judge by the district judges of the court under governing statutory authority, local rules of court, or court orders. Rather than fixing the duties of magistrate ...

  8. Consent decree - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_decree

    The process of introducing a consent decree begins with negotiation. [5] One of three things happens: a lawsuit is filed and the parties concerned reach an agreement prior to adjudication of the contested issues; a lawsuit is filed and actively contested, and the parties reach an agreement after the court has ruled on some issues; or the parties settle their dispute prior to the filing of a ...

  9. Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrates'_Courts_Act_1980

    The Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 [1] (c. 43) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is a consolidation act. [3] It codifies the procedures applicable in the magistrates' courts of England and Wales and largely replaces the Magistrates' Courts Act 1952. Part I of the act sets out provisions in relation to the courts' criminal ...