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  2. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    Liquid crystal states have properties intermediate between mobile liquids and ordered solids. Generally, they are able to flow like a liquid, but exhibiting long-range order. For example, the nematic phase consists of long rod-like molecules such as para-azoxyanisole, which is nematic in the temperature range 118–136 °C (244–277 °F). [10]

  3. Melting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting

    Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases, typically by the application of heat or pressure , which increases the substance's temperature to the melting point .

  4. Liquid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid

    Liquid is one of the four primary states of matter, with the others being solid, gas and plasma. A liquid is a fluid. Unlike a solid, the molecules in a liquid have a much greater freedom to move. The forces that bind the molecules together in a solid are only temporary in a liquid, allowing a liquid to flow while a solid remains rigid.

  5. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Mesomorphic states: States of matter intermediate between solid and liquid. Plastic crystal: A molecular solid with long-range positional order but with constituent molecules retaining rotational freedom. Liquid crystal: Properties intermediate between liquids and crystals. Generally, able to flow like a liquid but exhibiting long-range ...

  6. Phase transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition

    A monotectic reaction consists of change from a liquid and to a combination of a solid and a second liquid, where the two liquids display a miscibility gap. [1] Separation into multiple phases can occur via spinodal decomposition, in which a single phase is cooled and separates into two different compositions.

  7. Phase diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram

    The solidliquid phase boundary can only end in a critical point if the solid and liquid phases have the same symmetry group. [5] For most substances, the solidliquid phase boundary (or fusion curve) in the phase diagram has a positive slope so that the melting point increases with pressure.

  8. Phase (matter) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

    Useful mesophases between solid and liquid form other states of matter. Distinct phases may also exist within a given state of matter. As shown in the diagram for iron alloys, several phases exist for both the solid and liquid states. Phases may also be differentiated based on solubility as in polar (hydrophilic) or non-polar (hydrophobic). A ...

  9. Liquidus and solidus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidus_and_solidus

    The solidus is the locus of temperatures (a curve on a phase diagram) below which a given substance is completely solid (crystallized). The solidus temperature specifies the temperature below which a material is completely solid, [2] and the minimum temperature at which a melt can co-exist with crystals in thermodynamic equilibrium.