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Production problems were most likely due to the attempt to mass-produce phages when they were barely understood. The phages may have been damaged and/or too low in concentration. Another possibility is that incorrect diagnoses led to the use of the irrelevant types of phages that were not adapted to the host bacteria of interest. Many studies ...
[1] [2] [3] This therapeutic approach emerged at the beginning of the 20th century but was progressively replaced by the use of antibiotics in most parts of the world after the Second World War. Bacteriophages, known as phages, are a form of virus [ 4 ] that attach to bacterial cells and inject their genome into the cell. [ 5 ]
[2] [3] Furthermore, it would have wiped out the majority of Germany's cattle, creating a massive food shortage for the rest of the population that remained uninfected. Preparations were not complete until early 1944, when the plan was abandoned due to Operation Overlord; the linseed cakes were destroyed via incinerators in 1945. [4] [5]
The use of phages has continued since the end of the Cold War in Russia, [28] Georgia, and elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe. The first regulated, randomized, double-blind clinical trial was reported in the Journal of Wound Care in June 2009, which evaluated the safety and efficacy of a bacteriophage cocktail to treat infected venous ...
In 1946, Luria made a finding that was destined to open up a new insight on how the stability of DNA is achieved (see Luria, [5] pg. 96). What he discovered was that when, after UV irradiation, two or more "dead" phage entered the same bacterial cell, they often became alive again and produced normal live progeny. [9]
Phages make up the majority of most viromes and are currently understood as being the most abundant organism. [5] Oftentimes scientists will look only at a phageome instead of a virome while conducting research. Variations due to many factors have also been explored such as diet, age, and geography.
Biological weapons were used against Chinese soldiers and civilians in several military campaigns. [43] In 1940, the Japanese Army Air Force bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague. [44] Many of these operations were ineffective due to inefficient delivery systems, [42] although up to 400,000 people may have ...
Use of hydrogen cyanide as a pesticide or cleaner has been banned or restricted in some countries. [51] Most hydrogen cyanide is used in industrial processes, made by companies in Germany, Japan, the Netherlands and the US. [52] [53] Degesch resumed production of Zyklon B after the war. The product was sold as Cyanosil in Germany and Zyklon in ...