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In these, power of the output signal is proportional to the square of an optical field amplitude because they are linear in amplitude. They pass both quadratures. For an optical amplifier it holds F o,IQ = n sp (1-1/G)+1/G ≥ 1. Quantity n sp (1-1/G) is the input-referred number of added noise photons per mode.
C p is the correction factor related to the shape of the indenter, ideally 0.070279 P is the load. HK values are typically in the range from 100 to 1000, when specified in the conventional units of kg f ⋅mm −2. The SI unit, pascal, is sometimes used instead: 1 kg f ⋅mm −2 = 9.80665 MPa.
For the Vickers test, both the diagonals are measured and the average value is used to compute the Vickers pyramid number. In the Knoop test, only the longer diagonal is measured, and the Knoop hardness is calculated based on the projected area of the indent divided by the applied force, also giving test units in kgf/mm 2.
The number of transfer units (NTU) method is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers (especially parallel flow, counter current, and cross-flow exchangers) when there is insufficient information to calculate the log mean temperature difference (LMTD). Alternatively, this method is useful for determining the expected heat ...
The Brinell hardness test (pronounced / b r ə ˈ n ɛ l /) measures the indentation hardness of materials. It determines hardness through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece.
The most probable number method, otherwise known as the method of Poisson zeroes, is a method of getting quantitative data on concentrations of discrete items from positive/negative (incidence) data. Purpose
Image source: The Motley Fool. Meta Platforms (NASDAQ: META) Q4 2024 Earnings Call Jan 29, 2025, 5:00 p.m. ET. Contents: Prepared Remarks. Questions and Answers. Call ...
Using the unit shannon is an explicit reference to a quantity of information content, information entropy or channel capacity, and is not restricted to binary data, [2] whereas bits can as well refer to the number of binary symbols involved, as is the term used in fields such as data processing.