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In these, power of the output signal is proportional to the square of an optical field amplitude because they are linear in amplitude. They pass both quadratures. For an optical amplifier it holds F o,IQ = n sp (1-1/G)+1/G ≥ 1. Quantity n sp (1-1/G) is the input-referred number of added noise photons per mode.
For the Vickers test, both the diagonals are measured and the average value is used to compute the Vickers pyramid number. In the Knoop test, only the longer diagonal is measured, and the Knoop hardness is calculated based on the projected area of the indent divided by the applied force, also giving test units in kgf/mm 2.
The smallest signal without dithering is 1, so the number of different levels is one less, 2 16 − 1. So for a 16-bit digital system, the Dynamic Range is 20·log(2 16 − 1) ≈ 96 dB. Sample accuracy/synchronisation
The test was developed by Frederick Knoop [2] and colleagues at the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) of the United States in 1939, and is defined by the ASTM E384 standard. The advantages of the test are that only a very small sample of material is required, and that it is valid for a wide range of test forces.
units: approximately 1000 BTU/hour 3 × 10 2: tech: PC GPU Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 peak power consumption [20] 4 × 10 2: tech: legal limit of power output of an amateur radio station in the United Kingdom 5 × 10 2: biomed: power output (useful work plus heat) of a person working hard physically 7.457 × 10 2: units: 1 horsepower [21] 7.5 × 10 2
The number of transfer units (NTU) method is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers (especially parallel flow, counter current, and cross-flow exchangers) when there is insufficient information to calculate the log mean temperature difference (LMTD). Alternatively, this method is useful for determining the expected heat ...
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It determines hardness through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. It is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science. The hardness scale is expressed as the Brinell Hardness Number (BHN or BH) and was named for Johan August Brinell, who developed the method in the early 20th century.